The early GM three piece wheels will fit on a front axle but would require center hole modification to fit a rear axle. Grinding the hole bigger could create a safety issue. If your truck is a 48-early 51 you have 14” Lockheed rear drums that won’t allow a bolt on 16” remedy. If you have a late 51 or 52 you have 12” Bendix rear brakes which will allow a 16” set of wheels from a later F-250/E250.
The Budd 71410 19.5” x 5.25” is the best remedy, but finding a set won’t be easy and expensive as heck if found. They even take stock caps. The srw 17.5s are more commonly available but the tires are shorter diameter than your stock 17s, and the tires are expensive.
That leads us to custom wheels. I know guys have had 17” and iirc 19.5s built using new aftermarket rims from Hey Wheel mated to stock center discs. Companies like American Wheel Specialist in WA and Custom and Commercial Wheel in SoCal do this work. Stu
https://heywheel.com/page11.html